Is Clausewitz Relevant To Modern Warfare Politics Essay

Is Clausewitz Relevant To Modern Warfare Politics Essay The understudies of global relations and key investigations look for from Clausewitz not a hypothesis of governmental issues but rather an examination of war. For about 150 years the individuals who have looked to comprehend war have gone to Clausewitz-to clarify the rationale behind wars or to sentence its appropriateness to present day fighting. Carl Von Clausewitzs worry with war was both functional and hypothetical. A long lasting fighter, he previously put on Prussian uniform in 1792 at twelve years old and saw activity against France in the next year. Therefore, he partook in the crusades against Napoleon, rose to the position of Major General was all the while soldiering when he passed on in 1831. Despite the fact that eager in his military profession and disappointed with his accomplishment, Clausewitzs enthusiastic enthusiasm for war likewise took a scholarly structure. From his mid twenties he contemplated and expounded on war, leaving for distribution after his demise seve n volumes of military history and the eight books which comprise On Warâ [1]â . Clausewitzs magnum opus of fighting, On War, has been much scrutinizedâ [2]â . Numerous pundits have highlighted Clausewitzs distraction with armed forces and the control of an area though the chief instruments and stakes of fighting in mainland Europe in his time-and to his disregard of ocean power and the related inquiries of provinces, exchange and empireâ [3]â . Some have scrutinized Clausewitzs absence of worry for coordinations, his attention on battle to the detriment of arrangements for warâ [4]â . Others have brought up that maybe unavoidably, he wants to sit quiet about the effect of innovation on war, consequently bringing up the issue of whether his examination stays pertinent to present day warfareâ [5]â . Reactions has likewise been aimed at the hazy, even conflicting thoughts that go through On War, a deformity which Clausewitz recognized in a note written in 1827 managing his arrangements for update of the work. All the more on a very basic level, Clausewitzia n researchers have inspected the qualities and shortcoming of his epistemology: his idea of total war, his way to deal with authentic relativism, his thoughts on the connection among hypothesis and praxis and his endeavor to create basic investigation for the use of hypothetical certainties to real eventsâ [6]â . In any case, most defenders of Clausewitz are concurred that perhaps the best commitment, if not the best, lies in the consideration paid to the possibility that war must be comprehended in its political setting. This thought was not new, in oversimplified structure it was something of a typical before the finish of the eighteenth century, however Clausewitz created and extended it. He was, Paret contends, the main scholar of war to make legislative issues a basic piece of his analysisâ [7]â . For Clausewitz war is just a part of political action, a movement which is in no sense autonomousâ [8]â . War could be seen uniquely in its political setting and it is in this manner in governmental issues that the starting points of war are to be found. Governmental issues in Clausewitzs words is the belly wherein war creates, where its layouts as of now exist in their shrouded simple structure, similar to the attributes of living animals in their embryosâ [9]â . After Clausewitz it would be consistently hard to consider war something separated from governmental issues. This isn't the spot to seek after Clausewitzs examination of war. Truth be told, this article expects to basically dissect Clausewitzs pertinence for understanding contemporary examples and elements of fighting. Before the finish of the Cold War, onwards, the writing concentrating on key investigations has featured transformational changes inside worldwide framework, in this manner adjusting the very idea of war. Thus numerous security contemplates researchers have disavowed conventional speculations of key idea. Calusewitzian hypothesis, specifically has taken a great deal of analysis, with respect to its importance to present day fighting. As Paul Hirst notes, we are living in a period when the predominant political and monetary structures are generally seen not only to be changing however dependent upon radical transformationâ [10]â . In this new period it is comprehensively acknowledged that the political and monetary powers reshaping universal relations are causing similarly significant changes in the nature and direct of war. Additionally, since the finish of the Cold War, hypothesis about a future not set perfectly by boundaries of the East/West deadlock has brought about fluctuated translations of both present and future. Would it be fundamentally extraordinary world to that which passed? What might supplant the Cold War competition? What might characterize worldwide relations (IR) as it entered another thousand years? Obviously, in the prompt fallout of the Wests Cold War triumph, Francis Fukuyama, with his well known book, The finish of History, proclaimed the triumph of private enterprise over socialism as affirmation that the world has entered an age liberated from threats of belief system and that now the Western Liberalism held the guaranteed winner as the worldwide fix to war, imbalance and local insecurityâ [11]â . The western opportunity and just qualities support the thought that globalization of world governmental issues driven by monetary and liberal standards, has gotten one of the principle highlights of contemporary universal legislative issues. It is generally acknowledged that these progressions are likewise influencing the idea of war. The contention that the state, heretofore, the focal entertainer in global framework is in terminal decrease, has animated cases that war in 21st century is experiencing significant change. It has even been contended that globalization powers, thusly financial relationship and a rising prejudice to the detestations of contention coming about because of a Revolution in Attitudes towards the Military (RAM)Â [12]Â , has created a period in which war between the significant states is obsoleteâ [13]â . With the split of Soviet Russia and the triumph of the West, in the mid 1990s, political reporters, for example, Michael Mandelbaum were guaranteeing that the pattern towards outdated nature had acceleratedâ [14]â . He even suggested that the increasing expense of war and the reducing desires for victorys benefits, have changed its statusâ [15]â . To put it plainly, significant war was believed to be a relic of days gone by. Moreover, when war happens it has been contended that it w ill vary on a very basic level from the remainder of vital history; it is even guaranteed that the idea of war itself is evolving. For supporters of this view, war has stopped to be a political and discerning endeavor. Therefore, the case is made that better approaches for appreciating wars current elements are required to adapt to political, social and innovative transformationâ [16]â . Pertinent to that, is the possibility of new war, which has done most to sabotage customary thoughts regarding the idea of war. Assaulting the conventional position propounded by Clausewitz, that war is the continuation of strategy, the new war thought centers around changes in the worldwide framework enthused by globalization-chiefly the apparent decrease of the state. As new war advocates trust Clausewitzian hypothesis is coextensive with the state, they revoke his work thus. Nonetheless, the discussion between these contending thoughts has been continuous since mid 1990s without complete answer regarding which offers the best accomplishment of getting examples and elements of current fighting. This exploration article will reexamine the pertinence of Clausewitzs war techniques and survey its practicality in contemporary fighting. While the new war contention is assorted, its essential case is that cutting edge strife varies from its verifiable forerunners in three significant manners: a) structure; b) strategies; and c) thought processes, every component interpenetrate the otherâ [17]â . In addition, however what is currently named the new war theory is in truth an assortment of various thoughts regarding war in the cutting edge world, the idea of another, new sort of fighting has been essentially credited to researchers and specialists, for example, William S. Lind, Martin van Creveld and Mary Kaldor, among othersâ [18]â . Like individual promoters, Lind contends that the wars later on will be not quite the same as the past in light of the fact that, as per him, globalization process has declined the job of the state as the fundamental entertainer. His contention centers around his idea of fourth-age fighting (4GW), which Lind claims is a piece of a chronicled advancement that has just created first, second, and third era war. In spite of the fact that consideration is currently centered around 4GW, it is just a stage towards the fifth, 6th and seventh ages of fighting sooner or later. This unpredictable method of contention is accepted to be an arrival to the manner in which war worked before the state cornered violenceâ [19]â . Linds 4GW investigation begins from the Peace of Westphalia (1648), when the state consumed mass savagery. The First Generation of War (1648-1860) was one of line and segment fight was seen to be efficient and there was an inexorably clear qualification among warrior and civilianâ [20]â . The Second Generation of War tended to mass capability originally experienced in the Great War (1914-1918) by keeping up request notwithstanding the expanded roundabout ruinous tendency of cannons fire. Mass capability incurred immense harm on the foe, trailed by the development of infantryâ [21]â . Third Generation War was created from 1916-18. Exemplified by the Blitzkrieg of the German Army in the initial crusades of World War 2, third era war depends on speed instead of steady loss and capability. The essential accentuation is to assault the enemys back regions and breakdown him from the back forward. For backers of this thought, in spite of the high beat, innovatively overwhelmed impacts based fighting rehearsed by the most extravagant present day armed forces, contemporary state/military structures exemplify and practice third era war. For some, this is unequivocally why triumph in current war shows up so subtle. Colonel Thomas X

Imperialism and socialism in the context of Africa Essay

Cecil Rhodes Social Darwinism advocate states, â€Å"I battle that we are the best race on the planet and that the a greater amount of the world we possess the better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  King Leopold of Belgium, â€Å"To open to development the main piece of the globe where it presently can't seem to infiltrate †¦is, I set out to state, a campaign deserving of this era of progress.† From the above affirmations, it is reasonable to take note of that, pioneer powers believed Africa to be without an association in social, political and financial point of view and accordingly they needed â€Å"to make Africa, England.† In that idea of naivety of the Africans, there were cultural structures and associations which British couldn't have cared less to watch. Notwithstanding, it was not going to be simple as where a few societies associate a conflict is inescapable. Despite the fact that Africa was not a plain or bear mainland, Africans had their lifestyle, structure of government, religion, financial exercises, training, frameworks of marriage and advancement plans for their social orders, all things considered the British carried their frameworks which clashed with Africans set up lifestyle, this was on the grounds that the British, the same number of other European forces were monetarily discouraged and Africa had all the earmarks of being the main way out. The British needed to pass the three C’s; Commerce, that is to bring in cash through the procurement of free work structure Africans, crude materials for their businesses as mechanical upheaval back in Britain was quickly occurring, a business opportunity for their overflow creation; Christianity to spare Africans.Explorers, for example, David Livingstone, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim confidence had minister enthusiasm. The last C is for Civilization, th ey needed to edify Africans as far as instruction, culture and numerous different perspectives. Along these lines, to a bigger degree, the exercises of British cheered clashes. African conventional religion is established in the African culture, it was hard for Christianity to enter through. Portuguese attempted in the fifteen century and fizzled. For Christianity to take the course the Africans needed to relinquish their way of life which was hard so to state. The Missionaries in the nineteenth century, be that as it may, thought of a detailed arrangement for them to spread Christianity. They presented through religion, instruction and wellbeing focuses which repudiated casual learning and the establishment of medication men. Africans slowly started to grasp Whiteman’s lifestyle however not without a few conflicts. These fights are seen in different structures, for example, otherworldly, doctrinal, social and functional. The African religion has been given a few definitions by various researchers, for example, Mbiti has explained parts of African religion. In his book African Traditional Religion, Mbiti (1991) African religion is extremely down to earth and practical (p2), he clarifies that it is applied in conditions where the need emerges. Moreover, he expresses that religion is established in the nearby language, so to appreciate the strict existence of an African culture one needs to comprehend the neighborhood lingo. He further insists, â€Å"To be an African in the conventional arrangement is to be really religious.† (p30) He expresses that the religion can be found in five parts of culture; convictions, practices, services and celebrations, strict articles and places, qualities, and ethics and strict authorities and pioneers. He characterizes African religion as: â€Å"The result of the reasoning and encounters of our ancestors and moms that is people of their ages. They shaped strict thoughts, they watched strict services and ceremonies, they told maxims and fantasies which shielded the life of individual and his commun ity.(pp 13-14) Mbiti takes note of that African religion has no sacred writings when contrasted with Christianity and different religions, it is written in people groups history, hearts and encounters of the people.(p14) Awolalu in his book Sin and its Removal in the African Traditional Religion characterizes African religion as â€Å"†¦largely written in the people’s legend and folktales, in their tunes and moves, in their sacraments and hallowed places and in their adages and concise idioms. It is a religion whose recorded originator is neither known nor loved; it is a religion that has no enthusiasm for the participation drive, yet it offers relentless interest for Africans, youthful and old.† The African customary religion was not homogeneous as the networks had diverse ethnic foundation in this manner the strict practices such ceremonies differed one network to the next. It is important that it was oral, not scripted or composed and was passed from one age to the next by listening in on others' conversations, as I prior suggested in the meanings of religion. Inside their sorted out cultural structures, Africans had confidence in otherworldly creatures along with genealogical s pirits. The tribal spirits were accepted to connect the living cultural individuals to the divine beings. In this way, the African customary religion was and still is entwined to the African culture. From the above bits of knowledge, one can't discuss African religion without African qualities as they are interwoven and indivisible. African religion was installed in virtues or codes or norms which were accepted to begin from God through the tribal spirits, these qualities when watched one would be compensated with perhaps great reap from their development of land or expanded number of the herd of cows. At the point when these qualities have abused the guilty parties were criticized. The idea of qualities is an imperative point as one discusses the African religion. Therefore, African religion is drawn from the African qualities and Culture. African Culture was the wellspring of law through the ethical codes and qualities went from age to age. From the above depiction, we can see that law or rules of lead were installed in religion and that African religion was intertwined in the African culture. Neighborhood tongue was the medium through which African culture and religion were pr oliferated. The African religion had a few establishments as Mbiti brings up in the parts of African religion, who managed strict capacities, these organizations were accepted to convey straightforwardly to familial spirits (living dead) who thus would impart to the divine beings and complaints of the living cultural individuals would be heard. In the Kenyan setting, these establishments incorporate Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers relying upon the ethnic networks which they originated from. These establishments separated from the worship of the progenitors, they favored warrior before going for war, prompted the political pioneers, offered penance to god and directed ceremonies for the guilty parties who damaged virtues in the network. The divine beings had some particular names for example, in Kenyan setting, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Encore for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for the Luo. There w ere explicit love places which were viewed as heavenly, this spots included sanctums, peaks some unique trees, for example, mugumo, slopes, and a few caverns. The assorted variety of the names given to divine beings and spots of love, show the absence of consistency in the African Religion. Thus, Africans were of various ethnic foundation and had their own religion, divine beings, and religion as a network. The conflicts can be found in the five perspectives as prior implied in Mbiti’s work that is convictions, rehearses, functions, celebrations, strict articles and places, qualities, and ethics, strict authorities and pioneers. These parts of African religion contrast from those of Christianity. The Africans accepted that their religion was sourced from god, who they accepted some time before their ancestors’ presence. The British Missionaries strife with Africans by informing them concerning the presence of a God who had a child and lived among them numerous years back. The religion of British was composed (Bible) in this way one needed to have the capacity to peruse and write so as to get it, though that of African was passed from age to age by oral convention. There is a presentation of another arrangement of distinguishing the root of religion which clashes with the African framework. Language is additionally tangled as Africans couldn't grasp English, subsequently evangelists, for example, Ludwig Krapf made an interpretation of the Bible into the nearby lingo. The Africans respected in uncommon caverns, Mountaintops, slopes, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and hallowed places. The British disclose to Africans that they should revere God places called Churches. This experience shows that there is a touch of conflicting as the African spots were plainly characterized and saved by the network individuals. The British additionally held onto African land to develop houses of worship or churches, Africans, accordingly, turned out to be unfriendly as they had particular love places which happened normally. They accepted that their territory was in development and a blessing from their divine beings. The Africans rehearsed their religion by worship to their progenitors, offering human and creature forfeits and summoning the familial spirits, for example, the Umira Kager tribe had confidence in spirits in the S.M Otieno case. They offered forfeits so as to get favors regarding harvest. The African love was collective that is, all network individuals used to assemble to appeal to God for rain and request the wellbeing of the network. The British religion had a part of admission of one's wrongdoings before love, apology, and absolution of transgression are allowed. This part of pardoning of sins needs the customary African religion, one must be rebuffed for bad behavior. English minister religion draws out a part of contributions as far as cash and tithe which is 10% of one's all out income. The British supported for human rights and accordingly dismissed and censured human penances. In African religion,

My advisor won $3 million

My advisor won $3 million The media has been buzzing about the Fundamental Physics Prize: nine physicists worldwide just won $3 million each for outstanding contributions to our understanding of the universe.   One of those winners is an MIT professor, and the inventor of The Inflationary Theory Of Cosmology, which is a fancy title for A More Complete Version Of Big Bang Theory.  Classic Big Bang theory, this professor likes to say, “says nothing about what banged, what happened before it banged, or what caused it to bang”; inflation provides an explanation. His Wikipedia article says that he has, “in the past”, studied “lattice gauge theory, magnetic monopoles and instantons, Gott time machines…extrapolating density fluctuations arising from various versions of inflation, to test against observations, and investigating inflation in “brane world” models.”  His MIT faculty page says that his research “has centered on the application of theoretical particle physics to the early universe: what can particle physics tell us about the history of the universe, and what can cosmology tell us about the fundamental laws of nature?” What you won’t find out from these websites, though, is that he designed and teaches an undergraduate class on the Early Universe, will be teaching 8.07 (Electromagnetism II) this fall and has been my advisor for about a year. He told me to call him Alan. During our first meeting, he helped me pick which classes to register for. We wrote down a list of all the classes I was considering, worked out pros and cons, and played the process of elimination game. The whole time, I was distracted by the thought that he might find this boring or inane. I figured that hed probably rather be writing a list of Leading Theories About How The Universe Works, and working out pros and cons using hardcore physics magic. He seemed genuinely invested in my interests, though, and when  I expressed an interest in astronomy towards the end of the meeting, he gave me a list of professors to get in touch with. One of them was Professor Dumbledore; I will say no more about that, and instead direct you here. Suffice it to say that Professor Dumbledore is the reason why I am doing astronomy research this summer. That semester,  I took Alan’s Early Universe class. I missed a lecture because I was sick, so read the lecture notes and asked if I could meet with him to go over the parts I found confusing. To be honest, I also secretly wanted to find more excuses to hang out with him. Either way, we made an appointment, and at some point during the meeting ended up following a tangent to the world of cosmic strings and time loops. Eventually, he suggested that we meet again the next week for a more complete discussion on the topic, so that we could actually get to all my questions. There’s now an e-mail thread in my inbox called “Discussing Cosmic Strings”; Alan ended up giving a special out-of-class talk on cosmic strings to anyone from our class who was interested and available to attend. A couple of times, we found ourselves walking in the same direction after lecture, and I ended up telling him all about my experience teaching on the Navajo reservation. It was refreshing to talk to him about something completely unrelated to physics. This spring, I applied to a bunch of summer programs, and it made perfect sense to ask Alan for a letter of recommendation: he was both my advisor and my professor. I was worried, though, that he’d be too busy, and that my rec wouldnt make it onto his priority list; I pictured a template with my name in the blanks. Instead, we met in person to discuss my interests and objectives in more detail, and he asked me to send him my application essays. I guess I cant confirm that he actually used any of that information, but now Im doing an REU with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, soit couldnt have been that bad. Its true that with Great Physics Power comes Great Time Commitments; I cant waltz into my advisors office and expect to find him there, which is kind of a bummer. That said, I havent had any trouble making an appointment with him. Heres my point: when I found out that Alan Guth was going to be my advisor, my first thought was WOAH THATS AWESOME! and my second thought was ugh, great famous person for an advisor. Im not going to get any attention at all. This seems like as good a time as any to stress that this  physicist extraordinaire still finds time to be a down-to-earth, supportive advisor to a little undergrad who doesnt even know what classes to take next fall, let alone how to investigate inflation in brane world models. I think that thats something for every scientist to aspire to: as much as, if not more, than winning a $3 million prize.

Support Children And Young People - 1931 Words

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Comparative Management - 6809 Words

Comparative management 1st chapter 1) What do you mean by comparative management? Comparative management is the identifying, measuring and interpreting the similarities’ and differences among managers behavior, techniques followed and practices applied as found in various countries .... J.R Terry Comparative management defined as studying and analysis of management in different environments and the reasonss that enterprises show different result in various countries..... Knootz and Weihrich The main theme is_ Identify, masseure and interpreate the various countries management procedure. 2) Difference between comparative management and international management. 1) Comparative mgt in a border concept. It deals with†¦show more content†¦Selling tacties very according to customer and market situations. 2. SUPPLIERS: Every organization buys inputs-raw materials, services, energy, equipment and labor-from the environment and uses them to produce output. Advances in inventory control and information processing have also changed supplier relationships. Some companies keep zero inventory, relying on several â€Å"just-in-time† deliveries each day. 3. GOVERNMENT: The doctrine of laissez-faire, developed in the eighteenth century, holds that a government should exert no direct effects on business, but should limit itself to preserving law and order, allowing the free market to shape the economy. By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, abuses of business power led the U.S. government to take on the role of â€Å"watchdog,† regulating organizations to protect the public interest and ensure adherence to free-market principles. 4. SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS: Special-interest groups (SIGs) use the political process to advance their position on a particular issue such as gun control, abortion or prayer in the public schools. 5. 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The question could be asked, â€Å"Why are the two operating systems different?† or, â€Å"what is fundamentally different about the operating systems?† The way to go about answering that question is to look at their differencesRead MoreThe Strength of Competitive Analysis905 Words   |  4 Pagesmacro and micro phenomena. In this paper, we attempt to review the different perspectives on The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition by Hunt Morgan. As well as the new light that the theory brings to competition environment and its differences from the neoclassical competition theory, the limitations of the proposition will be discussed. A NEW APPROACH TO COMPETITION: Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition (CATC) Hunt and Morgans CATC is drawn on the evolving resource-basedRead MoreAdvantages Of Industrial Policy From The Infant Industry1548 Words   |  7 Pagesstories and the importance of the infant industries. Main Text †¢ Comparative advantage Comparative advantage refers to the unique growth opportunities that each individual country possesses. Thirlwall states, â€Å"Countries will specialize in the production of those commodities in which they have a relative cost advantage, as determined by natural or acquired resources endowments†. Exploiting these comparative advantages will decide whether a country can climb out of poverty into an industriousRead MoreInternational and Comparative Human Resource Management3048 Words   |  13 PagesPLANNING 5.5 JOB ANALYSIS 5.6 STAFFING 5.7 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 5.8 REMUNERATION 5.9 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 5.10 EMPLOYEE/INDUSSTRIAL RELATIONS 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the management function within an organization concerned with recruitment, management, and provision of direction for the people who work in the organization. According to Heathfield (2013) effective HRM enables employees

Behavioral Learning Theories Applied Free Essays

Behavioral Learning theories Applied Education is quite the central focus in our current society. As the economy advances, education becomes of greater importance and our student’s future is strongly dependent on their educational opportunities. As many theorists have proven, there is no one way of teaching that targets an entire audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Learning Theories Applied or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, every child has their own unique learning style that they respond best to. Any educator that takes on the responsibility of teaching must familiarize themselves with the different approaches so they observe the â€Å"No child left behind† act and fulfill their duty as a teacher. The many different approaches to learning include Behavioral, Social Cognitive, Information Processing, Constructivist, and Brain-based. The behavioral approach is concerned primarily with measureable and observable aspects of human behavior (Good Brophy, 1990). Behavioral learning theories focus on the ways in which pleasurable or unpleasant consequences of behavior change individuals’ behavior over time and ways in which individual model their behavior on that of others (Slavin 2006). The emphasis is put on responses to experiences, especially reinforcement and punishment, as determinants of learning and behavior. The 4 prominent behaviorist and key players in the development of the behaviorist theory, that I like to relate to, were Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner. Pavlov’s main interest was physiology but it was the Classical Conditioning theory that made him so famous. Classical Conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Both Thorndike and Skinner- although differently expressed- delved into the formulation of Operant Conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learning methodology that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior through operant conditioning. Skinner’s theory of Operant conditioning basically explains how we acquire our range of learned behaviors that we exhibit. If an individual’s behavior is immediately followed by pleasurable consequences, the individual will engage in that behavior more frequently (Slavin, pg. 137). The relationship between the behavior and its consequences is what later a learned behavior becomes. Skinner mentions reinforcement, punishment, extinction and rewards as the mechanisms for his theory. All of these responses have a time and place where its effectiveness is at its peak. Knowing our students, knowing ourselves, knowing the situation, and knowing what we want our outcome to be will help us determine which approach to use. As maintained by the above behaviorists, our behaviors change in accordance to the immediate reaction/consequence. These immediate reactions are the secret weapon that teachers should master for optimal success in the classroom. A teacher can observe and take note of the various responses her students respond best to. A teacher should constantly be asking herself â€Å"What serves as a motivation or reinforcement for this particular student to do well†? â€Å"Does the student utilize the Expectancy Theory†? The theory of motivation is based upon the belief that people’s efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward, or do they lean towards achievement motivation; the tendency to strive for success and to choose goal oriented, success/failure activities? There are countless responses that can work to motivate our students. Although some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, many need that extra motivational factor to help them with their studies. Psychologists define motivation as an internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time (Murphy Alexander, 2000; Pintrich, 2003; Schunk, 2000; Stipek, 2002. ) As a student, I was often motivated to do especially good work when I felt the teacher doubted my capabilities. I practiced the quote â€Å"I do it because I can, I can because I want to, I want to because you said I couldn’t†. That really pushed me to do well. It may have been a childish but it worked for me. Personally, I had a hard time doing well under reinforcements be it negative or positive. The lack of consistency and the time lapse between the action and response never worked for me. If I were to utilize a token system or any other system (I. E. praise, charts etc.. ) I would review the pros and cons very carefully. I feel that employing such methods carelessly can produce destructive results. Observing a second grade class, I noticed the teacher exercising very harsh consequences to eliminate behaviors. Indeed, her classroom was always spotless, and quiet. The student did not dare misbehave or not know their work for fear of punishment. Ultimately, these students lived in fear. They disliked the teacher, they disliked learning, and whatever they did learn was just to avoid punishment. Were they motivated to behave? Indeed. They were afraid of the consequences. Was the atmosphere an optimal learning environment? Most definitely not! It was at that point that I understood that employing Behavioral Learning Theories do not always produce favorable results. When I was a short term substitute teacher, I had the opportunity to visit many classrooms over the period of a few months. When I entered the classroom with an air about myself and dressed well, the students automatically received the initial dose of motivation to behave and to please. I then continue to hold their interest by teaching in an unconventional manner or in any way that they are unaccustomed to. Teaching unconventionally is fairly simple in one of the schools I substitute. The simplicity of the teaching style has not changed from 20 years ago. The teachers use the same old text-books, they practice â€Å"one teaching style fit all† methodology, just one teacher for the entire class, etc. When I enter a class, I ask them to rearrange their chairs so they are sitting in a semi-circle or in groups depending on the lesson. As the lesson continues, I try to avoid giving extrinsic motivation unless I feel the absolute need. I try to make the actual lesson the incentive. I praise after inquisitive questions and seem genuinely happy with correct responses. It’s an aura that a teacher needs to create that will infuse a sense of ‘wanting to do well’, most frequently by the desire to please. I have frequently observed many teachers successfully pair less desired behavior with desired behaviors for great results which is referred to as the Premack Principle (Premack, 1965). One incident stands out in my mind when a third grade teacher told a student that if he completes his homework, he will be able to remove his name from the â€Å"completed homework† sign outside the classroom. The teacher explained to me, that this particular student dislikes the fact that his name is up on the board, so she pairs doing homework with the favorable act of removing his name. Having his name on the board was supposed to be a reinforcement for doing homework, however Slavin mentions that if the behavior does not increase or decrease in frequency with the reinforcement than it is not necessarily a reinforcement (Slavin, 143). Behavioral Learning Theories are quite established and they are useful in changing behaviors. It is important to acknowledge however, that the theory has its limitation. Mainly, because of its focus on observable behaviors, other more abstract and conceptual learning remains unspoken. However, Social Learning theory helps bridge the gap between the behavioral and cognitive prospective (Slavin, pg 159). —————————————————————————————————————————— Appendix: 1)Slavin, R. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (8th ed. ). Boston: Pearson. 2)Premack, D. (1965). Reinforcement theory. In D. Levine, Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: Univeristy of Nebraska Press. How to cite Behavioral Learning Theories Applied, Essays

Australian Engineering Practice Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Engineering Practice and Skills. Answer: Engineering is the use or the application of knowledge which can either be scientifically acquired, socially acquired or even practically acquired purposefully to come up with new design or to an extension improve on the existing structures and design.it is a field that is broad and involves various engineering disciplines. Basically, as an engineer, the expectations that primarily come to mind is to be able to critically think of new design or improving on the existing ones so that the various problems within the society are solved. Hence, the knowledge learnt in the university is a reflection of the expected outcome of an engineer(American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011, p. 643). The perspective of engineering remains the same both in the university and the real world since the expectation remains the same. However, there are new roles that one expects to play was an engineer in Australia which includes maintaining the technical competences, precisely solving the various challenges in the society and also enhancing great effectiveness at work. There are various competencies one needs to have to be an engineer including eligibility for membership and also immigration assessment .as an engineer, some of the values that I would add in the engineering field are professionalism, integrity, teamwork and also innovation(Frankline, 2014, p. 975). An expert is someone that has a sustained experience in a particular field of practices or professionalism. Generally, one is considered an expert when the person has a vast knowledge or skills pertaining to a particular matter of discussion. It is derived from experience in that it is a direct function of time and also depends on the quickness of the person in question. (Ronnie, 2011, p. 543). Reading through books and journals in various engineering helps one to acquire knowledge pertaining to engineering as a profession and also to develop some of the core values that are needed in life such as teamwork and integrity. Innovation helps one to understand the importance of teamwork which helps one to take a short time to learn some particular concept rather than working on it alone which ends up consuming time and also one may not be able to completely perform a particular task within the stipulated specifications. This directly starts from the various group projects that are provided in class(Ludden, 2008, p. 346). Listening, seeing and reading are very key in engineering. Listening helps one to understand various concepts. Seeing helps one to be able to identify various problems within the society. It also helps one to be able to critically reason out on how solutions can be computed. On the other hand, reading is equally significant since it makes one be more knowledgeable and also gain new concepts that he or she was not aware of. The process used when carrying out a research is a qualitative and quantitative analysis that involves both collections of data and reading past articles on the subject under discussion. This helps one to understand the concepts and be able to write them down or explain the various process in own words. After doing a research, the noted down findings are electronically stored through computers in a paraphrased language. Paraphrased language involves first comprehending the concept and the various aspects involved and then noting them down in own understanding(Pearson, 2007, p. 735). Collaboration is one of the key factors for success in every organization. This is because all the members will be able to participate and share ideas on particular areas. There are various skills that are gained as one grows particularly teamwork and commitment. It becomes one of the major challenges more so with a teamwork whereby you will realize that some of the team members are not cooperative and also not committed in terms of handling certain things. Thus it sometimes becomes a demoralizing factor Engineers Australia Stage 1 Competencies is based on three particular issues or competencies which defines its importance as described below. It helps to identify whether a person has the professional knowledge and the skills required for the engineering practices. Besides, stage one competency helps to determine whether a person possesses the professional and persona; attributes that are essential for engineering practice A situation that occurred once was when giving instructions to fellow teammates in a hockey sport. This came as a result of rules that had changed and were due to be effected on an upcoming tournament. The situation was not difficult as the team members had learned to cope with new rules and were always flexible and dynamic. The were no difficulties during issuing of the instructions Collaboration helps to achieve best results within a precise duration. It makes work easier and also saves on time since the contrary which is a bit of resistance slows down a process. Collaboration entails some behaviors which have been observed from great collaborators such as understanding, integrity and also patience(Nottingham, 2009, p. 622). After the review of the various skills and attributes, I can comfortably award myself a 4 star in my various skills and attributes. In particular, the skills that I feel competent in include listening, integrity, teamwork and also honesty. Conversely, there are some skills that I have not fully attained more so teamwork since I experience some challenges to do with handling my fellow team members there always arises issues relating to commitment Taking Thomas Edison as one of the engineers that greatly had a positive impact on the society by coming up with the first commercial light. This was a light bulb that had many attributes including possessing a durable incandescent material and a highly resistant filament material. This he was to achieve after a series of tests without giving up. Presently, credits are still rewarded to Edison after successfully helping to bring a solution to the earlier situation of darkness. Apart from the various technical skills, one factor that comes out in Thomas Edison is commitment and the urge to provide a solution. Besides, Edison was patient and ensures that quality time is applied on the project thereby coming up with a solution that is appreciated up to now(Johnstone, 2009, p. 772). Projects vary in size but what matters is the success of any project. Thus there are some aspects that ensures that a project is properly managed. These include Strategic planning, Communication, Resources and the various personnels that will be involved in the success of the project (Brasier, 2008, p. 643). A project needs that quality time is dedicated towards it to ensure its success. It involves the various stages of proper planning else it may not meet a certain deadline and end up being untrusted. Personally, I am good at managing my time since I always complete my tasks within the stipulated deadline. My best behaviors in terms of time management include completing my tasks on time and also always being updated(Kazi John , 2012, p. 352). However, I do find a challenge when managing my time due to a spirit of perfectionism whereby I would tend to ensure that all my answers and tasks are perfect hence this makes me spend much time on the tasks. Engineering Mind mapping This refers to the visual representations and techniques that are applied by both designers and engineers for the purposes of expressing and generating ideas. It generally deals with ensuring that all the ideas that an engineer has been placed down in a piece of paper to enable the person plan well before embarking on the engineering task(Johnstone, 2009). The tools that are required to perform an engineering mind mapping are very simple and easy to acquire. They include pen and a notebook. The process of engineering mind mapping entails placing the main idea or them in the middle part of a paper and then embarking on the generation of ideas .the ideas are placed just sketchily since there is no order and thus the persons doing the mind mapping just write down anything that comes up in his mind. They may be informed of drawings, comments, questions, material listings a, statements among others as long as they are related to the central topic. Besides, there are no word limits hence the engineer should write everything that comes at the back of his mind. Thereafter the designer or the engineer should be able to link these thoughts together by interconnecting the graphics, pictures and the words(Pearson, 2007). This technique does not necessarily mean that it can only be written by the engineer or the designer starts to design. There are no limitations hence it can be written down at any stage of the process of design. One is able to do the kind mapping at the start in order to generate the problem that needs a solution and also at the middle of the task to generate other possible ways of providing the solution. It is most preferred to be done when one feels like emptying the thoughts that one has or when an engineer or a designer is stuck in the middle I the design process. Below are examples of the mind map. It can also be applied in every aspect of life even in the day to day making of decision.it also helps in making one be more creative as it will give room for expression and expansion of the thoughts that a person has(Johnstone, 2009). References American Society of Civil Engineers, A. I. o. C. E., 2011. Engineering Solutions for Sustainability: Materials and Resources. 3rd ed. London: John Wiley Sons. Edward F. Crawley, J. M. S. . D. R. B. K. E., 2014. Rethinking Engineering Education: The CDIO Approach. 1st ed. new york: Springer Science Business Media. Harding, R., 2011. Environmental Decision-making: The Role of Scientists, Engineers, and the Public. 2nd ed. Chicago: Federation Press. Daniel A, 2017. Effective Communication at Work: Say what you mean and get what you want. 1st ed. Chicago: 50Minutes.com. Ludden, M., 2008. Effective Communication Skills: Essential Skills for Success in Work and Life. 2nd ed. Westminister: JIST Publishing, Nottingham, U. o., 2009. Sustainability Engineering. 1st ed. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. Pearson, N., 2007. FCS Professional Engineering Practice L4. 2nd ed. Pretoria: Pearson South Africa. Stephen Johnston, J. P. G. W. J. K., 2009. Engineering and Society: Challenges of Professional Practice. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Prentice Hall,